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--- en:shannon:inhalt [2022-01-11 16:33] – created rainer
+++ en:shannon:inhalt [2024-08-28 10:26] (current) – [Learning Machines] Links to PDFs only rainer
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 Find here some notes and information related to **Claude E. Shannon** (1916 - 2001)
 (see also [[wp>Claude_Shannon | Wikipedia]]).
+==== The (Rockefeller) Differential Analyzer ====
 After his graduation, C.E. Shannon worked for [[wp>Vannevar_Bush| Vannevar Bush]] in the MIT for a mechanical analog computer, called ''Differential Analyzer''.
-Most sources show pictures of the well-known, pure mechanical version, while there was a second, more advanced machine which was electromechanically controlled, called the [[wp>Rockefeller_Differential_Analyzer| Rockefeller Differential Analyzer]]. It was presumably the most powerful computer at that time and kept secret during the war. Details are in my note with the title {{:shannon:shannon_rda_rg-2012-12-08.pdf|Claude Shannon and "the" Differential Analyzer}}.
+Most sources show pictures of the well-known, pure mechanical version, while there was a second, more advanced machine which was electromechanically controlled, called the [[wp>Rockefeller_Differential_Analyzer| Rockefeller Differential Analyzer]]; a picture is available from the [[https://webmuseum.mit.edu/media.php?module=people&type=popular&kv=6887&media=15|MIT museum]]. It was presumably the most powerful computer at that time and kept secret during the war. Details are in my note with the title {{:shannon:shannon_rda_rg-2012-12-08.pdf|Claude Shannon and "the" Differential Analyzer}}.
+==== Learning Machines ====
+Shannon created a first learning machine, a maze for a mouse, called ''Theseus'', using relays, that has not yet been recreated in the same technology and speed. The HNF (Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum) has, however, created two functional replicas ([[https://www.hnf.de/dauerausstellung/ausstellungsbereiche/global-digital/mensch-roboter-leben-mit-kuenstlicher-intelligenz-und-robotik/nachbau-theseus.html|HNF's Theseus replica]]) which internally use modern technology, yet behave exacly like the original according to Shannon's film. Leaning takes place in a substantially static environment.
+The replicas are shown in the HNF in Paderborn and the MIT Museum in Cambridge, MA.
+A second, even smaller learning machine was developed as a portable variant of Hagelbarger's ''SEER, A SEquence Extrapolating Robot'' and coined the ''Mind Reading Machine'' in his publication, also known as ''Penny Matching Game''
+It learns in the dynamic environment of a game where two opponents change their behaviour while playing.
+As a demonstrator for learning, it cannot cheat, but the player may do so.
+See {{ :shannon:mindreader_overview.pdf |Overview}} and {{ :shannon:mindreader_variants.pdf | Correcting the Schematics}}
+====== Sources ======
+More Information can be found in the following books (more to add):
+- N.J.A. Sloane, Aaron D. Wyner (Ed): "Claude Elwood Shannon -- Collected Papers."
+IEEE, Wiley New York (1993)
+- Axel Roch: "Claude E. Shannon: Spielzeug, Leben und die geheime Geschichte seiner Theorie der Information."
+Gegenstalt Verlag, Berlin (2009)
+- Jimmy Soni, Rob Goodman: "A Mind At Play."
+Simon & Schuster, New York (2017)